Lpg is more dense than natural gas, at a specific gravity of 1. In this chapter, the characteristics of natural gas in term of composition and physical. Introduction reservoir rock properties within a stratum. How are lng, cng and lpg different bright hub engineering. Being a much cleaner fuel source, the increased portability and reduced cost has made cng very. Olivier le corre and khaled loubar august 18th 2010. While most of the gas supplied to union gas is from western canada, some gas is supplied from other sources, including the united states and.
Maric 9 has also used the similar method to calculate joulethompson coefficient of natural gas. Liquefied petroleum gas 2 product reference manual section 5 liquefied petroleum gas afrox is the leading supplier of liquefied petroleum gas lpg in subsaharan africa and pioneered the lpg industry in south africa under the brand name handigas in the early 1950s, which is still the leading brand name in lpg today. The gas supplied to enbridge gas comes from western canada, the united states and ontario producers. Natural gas the main natural gas constituent is methane and the composition is strictly dependent on the origin gas eld. High flame speed, about 8 times faster than methane. The cryogenic temperature of lng means it will freeze any tissue plant. This process reduces its volume by a factor of more than 600similar to reducing the natural gas filling a beach ball into liquid filling a pingpong ball figure 3. Properties, processing, and use in design, frank porter 74.
Difference between lpg vs natural gas properties propane vs methane the difference between lpg vs natural gas is easiest to see in their physical properties. To remain a liquid, lng must be kept in containers which function like thermos bottles they keep the cold in and the heat out. Pdf technical overview of compressed natural gas cng. Table 2 below shows the different properties between natural gas and liquid fuel2. The cng fuel properties and characteristics are shown in table 2. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their. Bonds the attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds are called chemical bonds. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles.
Central to the cng wrapper classes is the cngkey key container class, which abstracts the storage and use of cng keys. Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas lpg. Comparison of cng and lng technologies for transportation. Leo thomason is the executive director of natural gas vehicle institute, where he applies his more than 25 years of natural gas vehicle experience to developing and serving as the lead instructor for a variety of natural gas related training courses for fleets around the world. Compressed natural gas cng is essentially a methane gas mixture that has been compressed to a high pressure.
The density of the liquid is approximately half that. This chapter describes the physical and chemical properties of natural gas, oil, and the gas hydrates. Lng is natural gas which has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. Natural gas is typically compressed to 200 bar or 250 bar for use in vehicles. Natural gas processing 60% crude oil refining 40% relative to crude oil and refined products, market size is small global crude oil and gas liquids supply is 8991 million bpd ngllpg is % of this ngls are getting more attention now. The helmholtz energy is a fundamental thermodynamic property from which all other thermodynamic properties can be calculated as derivatives with respect to molar density or temperature. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid. Cng, hydrogen, cnghydrogen blends critical fuel properties. Typically, cng is filled via a compressor into pressurized steel gas cylinders and, in analogy to other commercially traded gases, transported to the site of the consumer by truck in bundles of up to 25 cylinders. Compressed natural gas cng is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline petrol, diesel, or propane fuel. In this study, a computer program has been developed to calculate the thermal properties of natural gas mixture in addition of the compressibility factor based on the aga8 eos. Compressed natural gas is a fuel that can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas. Key elements of the natural gas module which are described in detail in sections 10. The lng industry uses advanced lng safety technologies and procedures.
Some variants of lpg are primarily propane so lpg is often colloquially called propane. Cng is compressed natural gas, which is mainly methane compressed at a pressure of 200 to 248 bars. Pdf technical overview of compressed natural gas cng as a. Cng certificates overview configuration manager microsoft. Create a custom chart comparing fuel properties and characteristics for multiple fuels. Cng and lng fuels can be stored for a significant amount of time without changes in the fuels properties that would affect its ability to be utilized for use in heavyduty mobile applications. Cng properties 55 cng properties value density kgm 3 0. Thermodynamic properties of natural gas mixtures using. The cryptography next generation cng classes provide a managed wrapper around the native cng functions. It is not a pure element like oxygen, but a mixture of gases of which hydrocarbon gases are the components that are combustible and produce heat. Performance analysis of a spark ignition engine using. Computing thermal properties of natural gas by utilizing. Nasrifar and boland 10 used 10 equations of state to predict the thermophysical properties of natural gas mixtures.
The remaining regions of north america do not employ regulated fuel quality standards for general marketplace. Cng is compressed natural gas and another physical form of natural gas to make it convenient to handle. For ralph vorse, a new customer with national fuel, the numbers told the story. Cng combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the aforementioned fuels. While the gas from these sources has a similar analysis, it is not entirely the same. In order to lay the foundation for comparing the merits of cnglpg systems against cnggasoline systems, a listing of pertinent fuel properties was compiled and is given in. Gasolinee10 low sulfur diesel biodiesel compressed natural gas cng electricity ethanole100 hydrogen liquefied natural gas lng. Working document of the npc north american resource development study made available september 15, 2011. Gas hydrates are ice crystals with peculiarly structured atomic lattices, which contain molecules of methane and other gases. Biomethane, defined as methane produced from biomass with properties close to natural gas, is an interesting fuel to support the transition from fossil fuels to renewables and to achieve the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in different ways.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture, consisting mainly of methane. Natural gas conversions natural gas conversions formula. Properties of natural gas natural gas gases free 30. Table 1 shows the composition of a natural gas sample obtained by the italian distribution network, determined by means of gas chromatographic. One parameter for comparing the pitting resistance of different steels is the prenumber pitting resistance equivalent. Currently, new concepts for power generation are discussed, as a response to combat global warming due to co 2 emissions stemming from the combustion of fossil fuels.
Physical properties and composition of lng natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons which, when liquefied, form a clear colourless and odourless liquid. Lpg is liquefied petroleum gas, a mixture of propane and butane liquefied at 15 c and a pressure of 1. To use cng certificates, your certification authority ca needs to provide cng certificate templates for target machines. Difference between lpg and natural gas lpg vs natural.
Properties of natural gas and propane physical characteristics of which operators should be aware. Liquefied natural gas or lng is natural gas predominantly methane, ch 4 that has been. Apr 08, 2011 physiochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from cng and diesel buses. Shut off ignition sources and call fire department. Low ignition energy, about 20 times less than methane. Cng properties gases gas chromatography free 30day.
Computing thermal properties of natural gas by utilizing aga8. These included both a newer and an older, highemitting gasoline vehicle, a lightduty diesel truck with a diesel particulate filter using both diesel and biodiesel fuel, vehicles running on both compressed natural gas and 85% ethanol, and a gasoline direct injection vehicle both with and without a gasoline particulate filter. Nigerian crudeoils are generally light, low sulphurbearing, and are in great demand by advanced countries. Alternative fuels, hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas, natural gas, performance, combustion and emission. Worldwideliquefied petroleum gas lpg production is limited to about 10% of total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption and is used to a great extent for domestic and industrial purposes. Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, cleanburning fuel. Natural gas conversions formula national fuel gas distribution corporation, 2016 there is no fuel out there that is beating natural gas. The density of the liquid is approximately half that of water and ranges from 0.
Properties and reliability is the final report in a series o f three that discu ss liquefied natural gas lng. Compressed natural gas cng methane stored at high pressure is a fuel that can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas lpg. Technical statement on commercial natural gas in cng and lng. Natural gas is compressed to 200 bar pressure so that the volume is almost 1% of the original. Technical statement on commercial natural gas in cng and lngfueled mobile heavyduty engine applications executive summary commercial natural gas utilized as a compressed natural gas cng or liquefied natural gas lng fuel in mobile heavyduty engine applications must consistently demonstrate specific properties to achieve desired. Hydrogen properties wide flammability range, more than 6 times wider than methane.
Technical statement on commercial natural gas in cng and. These concepts include new, lowcarbon fuels as well as centralized and. Thermal fatigue of metals, andrzej weronski and tadeusz hejwowski 75. Certificate authority must be windows server 2008 or later. Technical evaluation and assessment of cnglpg bifuel and. Storage and handling of natural gas depends greatly on the form of the gas.
Phase behavior of natural gas natural gas properties natural gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless, shapeless, and lighter than air the natural gas after appropriate treatment for acid gas reduction, odorization, and hydrocarbon and moisture dew point adjustment would then be sold within prescribed limits of pressure, calorific value, and possibly wobbe. In order to lay the foundation for comparing the merits of cnglpg systems against cnggasoline systems, a listing of pertinent fuel properties was compiled and is given in table 1. Fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs have the greatest losses during hydrogen production via methane reforming and during electricity generation from hydrogen in the vehicle. Cng compressed natural gas storage cylinders have a tare weight approximately 3x heavier than comparable capacity lpg cylinders. Lpg can be compressed into a liquid, increasing its energy density. The general marketplace fuel quality of compressed natural gas for motor vehicles in the state of california should be in compliance with title california code of regulations, section 2292. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill, because it is. Keywords natural gas, hydrate, storage, energy, transportation how to cite this paper. Engine power had been known to be decreased by using cng but the detail of the problem had not been studied.
Most of the bonds involved in natural gas components are single covalent bonds. Introduction in the last few years, the use of alternative fuel in internal combustion engines has received renewed attention. The biggest difference between cng and lpg cars is the fuel itself. Accurate values of natural gas compressibility factors and speeds of sound data are crucial in custody transfer operations. Worldwideliquefied petroleum gas lpg production is limited to about 10% of total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption and is used to a great extent for domestic and. Liquefied natural gas lng cautionary response information common synonyms gas colorless odorless or weak skunk odor floats and boils on water. Predicting the thermodynamic properties of natural gas mixtures are important in gas industrythat is in production, processing, storage and transportation. Depending upon its exact composition, natural gas becomes a liquid at. Hcng cng emission hcng or h2cng hydrogen compressed natural gas is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 49 percent hydrogen by energy. Compressed natural gas when the natural gas is compressed, it is called compressed natural gas cng. Cng may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesnt. Cng as a fuel is very dry, what this does is, it starts absorbing some of the lubricant in the chamber.
There are two major classes of bondsionic bonds and covalent bonds. Technical aspects of compressed natural gas properties, storage, safety problems and its effect on engine performance, efficiency, emissions and barriers to natural gas vehicles adaptation are discussed in detail. Liquefied petroleum gas 2 product reference manual section 5 liquefied petroleum gas afrox is the leading supplier of liquefied petroleum gas lpg in subsaharan africa and pioneered the lpg industry in south africa under the brand name handigas in the early 1950s, which is. Sealing materials for natural gas applications in automobiles. Properties and reliability 1 introduction liquefied natural gas. The water vapour content of natural gas in the union gas system is less than 80 mgm3, and is typically 16 to 32 mgm3. Currently, parker orings made of compounds n398770 hnbr, grey, 70 shore a and n888870 hnbr, yellow, 70 shore a are tested by customers in various cng applications and tried in operating conditions. Basic properties of natural gas flammable lighter than air colorless nontoxic odorless tasteless ignition temperature range 1200 f. Physical properties and combustion features, natural gas, primoz potocnik, intechopen, doi. Another option for natural gas transportstorage is compressed natural gas cng.
An overview on liquefied natural gas lng, its properties. Fluoroelastomers exhibit the best properties in natural gas applications. Note that there is no guarantee that the combustion properties at your location will be exactly as shown. Properties of natural gas natural gas is a naturallyoccurring mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous formations beneath the earths surface. This study focuses on each engine performance when using cng as fuel, in order to improve or to increase the engine power.
Successful adoption of cng and energing cnghydrogen program. Natural gas transportation and storage as gas hydrate will create effective and efficiently ly alternative bulk gas transportation and storage for future use of the gas. At standard temperature and pressure, natural gas has a density of around 0. Lng takes up about 1600th of the volume of natural gas. Cng requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of gasoline or petrol. The air resources board arb has led a multiagency research effort to collect emissions data from latemodel heavyduty transit buses in five different configurations. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels. It is not a pure element like oxygen, but a mixture of gases of which hydrocarbon gases.
Classical and modern mechanisms for engineers and inventors, preben w. The uncertainty of petroleumbased fuel availability has created need for alternative fuels. Apart from the methane which is the prevailing element, the crude natural gas usually contains decreasing volumetric percentages of ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc. Cng has a lower cost of production and storage as it does not require an expensive cooling process 3. The aforementioned properties of crude oils apply to the nigerian crudes. Comparison of cng and lng technologies for transportation applicationsz created date. The properties shown are an overall average on the union gas system. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill, because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. Natural gas internal combustion engine vehicles running on compressed natural gas cngv have the greatest losses during combustion at the vehicle propulsion stage. Is a very safe and environmentally sound energy source.
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